Skip to Main Content
University of Nevada, Reno LogoUniversity of Nevada, Reno
Keck Schulich Exhibit Logo
  • Home
  • Collection
  • Stories
    • Forging the Wild West
    • Art of the Bond
    • Nevada’s Promises and Perils
    • Railroads and Trade Routes
    • Bankrolling the Revolutionary and Civil Wars
    • Tycoons and Benefactors
    • Scandals and Swindlers
    • Backing the Republic of Texas
  • Resources
    • Resources for Teachers
    • Resources for Researchers
  • About the Exhibit
Home > Bankrolling the Revolutionary and Civil Wars
  • Bankrolling the American & Civil Wars

    As the aftermath of homeland wars allowed a reeling country to re-create itself, war heroes, financiers, and businessmen found ways to strengthen both the national economy and personal pocketbooks. Discover those who economically and politically helped build up our country (and themselves) from devastation to prosperity from the inside out.

Table of Contents:

  • Ocker Gevaerts and the First Bank of the United States
  • George Rogers Clark, Father of Louisville
  • The North American Land Company: Robert Morris’ Ruination
  • George McClellan: Scientist, Politico, and Union Hero
  • Robert Ingersoll Errs with the Ivanhoe
  • Ocker Gevaerts and the First Bank of the United States

    The First Bank of the US building in Greek Revival style and a painted portrait of Ocker Gavaerts and his sister

    Under the guidance of Alexander Hamilton, the Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia in 1791. It was imperative to stabilize and support the economy of our newly independent country to maintain independence and become a world power.

    Read more about Ocker Gevaerts and the First Bank of the United States

    Left Image: The First Bank of the United States building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [1]. Right Image: Dutch capitalist Ocker Gevaerts with his sister Johanna; author Aert Schouman courtesy Wikimedia Commons [2].

  • George Rogers Clark, Father of Louisville

    Portrait of George Rogers Clark and a painting of Clark leading soldiers on the march to Vincennes

    George Rogers Clark, hero of the American Revolution, went into debt financing his military actions against British forces. Following the war he was compensated for his war efforts in the form of land, which was abundant in the new republic.

    Read more about George Rogers Clark, Father of Louisville

    Left Image: George Rogers Clark, hero of the American Revolution; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [3]. Right Image: George Rogers Clark and his men march to the Battle of Vincennes, 1779; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [4].

  • The North American Land Company: Robert Morris’ Ruination

    Portrait of Robert Morris and a simple map of the Phelps and Gorham land purchase in New York State

    Robert Morris, one of the founding fathers of the United States, made fortunes through privateering during the American Revolution. Property markets in the country proved volatile, and he found himself destitute after the country’s first land speculation bubble burst.

    Read more about The North American Land Company: Robert Morris’ Ruination

    Left Image: Robert Morris, one of the founding fathers of the United States; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [5]. Right Image: Map of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, which Morris bought along with speculator James Greenleaf; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [6].

  • George McClellan: Scientist, Politico, and Union Hero

    Portrait of George B. McClellan and a presidential election poster of McClellan with running mate Pendelton

    George B. McClellan was a hero of the Civil War and Democratic presidential nominee against Abraham Lincoln. After his run for presidency failed, he formed the Grand Belt Copper Company to try to profit from surface copper mining in northern Texas.

    Read more about George McClellan: Scientist, Politico, and Union Hero

    Left Image: A political poster for McClellan’s run as Democratic candidate for president against Abraham Lincoln in 1864; courtesy Library of Congress [7]. Right Image: General George B. McClellan of the Union forces; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [8].

  • Robert Ingersoll Errs with the Ivanhoe

    Portrait of Robert Ingersoll and a photograph of Ingersoll on a platform giving a speech to a crowd

    Robert Ingersoll served in the Civil War and later became famous as an orator, nicknamed “the Great Agnostic” due to his popular lectures on religion. He was a wealthy man who invested in a number of mines, including fighting for the ownership rights of the ill-fated Ivanhoe Mine in New Mexico.

    Read more about Robert Ingersoll Errs with the Ivanhoe

    Left Image: Robert G. Ingersoll, who earned a reputation as “the Great Agnostic” and “the Infidel” for his lectures on religion; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [9]. Right Image: Robert G. Ingersoll, the orator in action; courtesy Wikimedia Commons [10].

Related Bonds

Certificate with black handwritten ink, a seal, and an intricate vignette showing a horse-drawn carriage near a gate and house behind lots of flora

Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Company

Certificate with black ink shows an intricate border and red wax seal

Virginia Land-Office Treasury Warrant

Certificate with black ink shows intricate borders and lettering

California Mining Company

Certificate with black, yellow, and red ink shows intricate borders, lettering, and vignettes with a cornucopia of foods and a small mining village

Bodie Bluff Consolidation Mining Company

Certificate with black and blue ink shows intricate borders and lettering, company seal, and vignettes with a farm town and train and woman

Cincinnati Railway Tunnel Company

This stock certificate (No. 20261) represents 20 shares valued at $100 each for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. Two vignettes in the top corners each feature a woman dressed in a white dress with a blanket draped over her knees. The left woman is sitting on a bushel of wheat and is holding a hand scythe, and the right woman is sitting on several barrels and boxes holding a rapier-looking rod. The center vignette depicts a train with five cars linked and a bridge and several buildings behind it. This certificate also shows the company’s corporate seal and two stamps denoting cancellation (see Translation field for more).

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company

Certificate with black and green ink shows intricate bordering, lettering, a company seal, signatures and a vignette of men on horses with cattle

The International and Great Northern Railroad Company

Certificate with black ink shows intricate borders, lettering, signatures, company seals, and vignettes of miners working in a mine

The Ivanhoe Mining Company

Certificate with black and red ink shows intricate borders, lettering, signatures, and a vignette with an eagle, miners, and a cart

The Grand Belt Copper Company

Certificate with black ink shows intricate lettering, signatures, and an X crossing the document where ink bled through and cut the paper

Treasury Warrant State of Texas (Virginia Office)

Certificate with blue and black ink shows intricate borders, lettering, signatures, a company seal, an IRS stamp, and a plant and ribbon vignette

Alabama Gold and Copper Mining Company

Certificate with blue and black ink shows intricate borders, lettering, signatures, a company seal, a cancel stamp, and Greek woman vignette

The San Juan Consolidated Mining Company

Certificate with black ink shows writing and signatures

North American Land Company

Certificate with black ink shows intricate borders, lettering, signatures, and vignettes of an eagle, ship, city, and train

Republic of Nicaragua

Certificate with black, green, orange and gold ink shows intricate bordering, lettering, a company seal, signatures, and vignettes of a train

Selma, Marion and Memphis Railroad Company

Certificate with brown ink shows handwritten language and signatures

Bank of the United States

Certificate with black, brown, and gold ink shows intricate bordering, lettering, a company seal, signatures, and a vignette of miners and a waterfall

California Divide Mining Company

Certificate with black and yellow ink shows intricate bordering, lettering, a seal, signatures, and vignettes of an eagle, train, and coal mine

Cody’s Wyoming Coal Company

Related Stories

  • False Hopes at the Four Aces Full Story

  • Generalisimo Santa Anna Attempts a Coup Full Story

  • William Walker’s Rise and Demise in South America Full Story

  • Meyer Guggenheim: Patriarch of a Philanthropic Dynasty Full Story

  • Early American Infrastructure and the Turnpike Road Full Story

  • Nathan Bedford Forrest: Reconstruction of the Confederate Railroads Full Story

  • William Lowden: Express Rider and Wagon Road Entrepreneur Full Story

  • John C. Frémont: General, Explorer, and Entrepreneur Full Story

Sources

  1. Left Image: Davidt8. (2009). First Bank of the United States (1797–1811) [photograph]. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FirstBankofUS00_crop.jpg
  2. Right Image: Schouman, A. (ca. 1749). Ocker Gevaerts and his sister Johanna [painting]. Public Domain from Wikimedia commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocker_Gevaerts_(1735-1807)_en_zijn_zuster_Johanna_(1733-1779,_door_Aert_Schouman.Jpeg
  3. Left Image: Jouette, M.H. (1825). George Rogers Clark [painting]. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Rogers_Clark.jpg
  4. Right Image: Yohn, F.C. (n.d.). March to Vincennes [painting]. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:March_to_Vincennes.jpg
  5. Left Image: Pine, R.E. (ca. 1785) Robert Morris [painting]. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Morris.jpg
  6. Right Image: Map of the Phelps and Gorham purchase [map]. (1911). In Milliken, C.F., A History of Ontario County, New York, and its people. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhelpsGorhamMap_Milliken.gif
  7. Left Image: Grand national democratic banner, peace! union! and victory! [poster]. (1864). New York: Currier & Ives. Public Domain from Library of Congress. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003656577/
  8. Right Image: Brady, M. (1861). General George B. McClellan [photograph]. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_B_McClellan_-_retouched.jpg
  9. Left Image: Brady, M. & Handy, L.C. (ca. 1865–1880). Ingersoll, Robert (the infidel) [photograph]. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_G._Ingersoll_-_Brady-Handy.jpg
  10. Right Image: The only known photograph of Ingersoll addressing an audience [photograph]. (1894, May 30). Public domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RobertGIngersoll-audience.jpg
  11. Bob Ingersoll’s bad luck. (1882, August 10). Albert Lea Freeborn County Standard, pp. 16. Via NewspaperArchive.com. Retrieved from https://access-newspaperarchive-com.unr.idm.oclc.org/us/minnesota/albert-lea/albert-lea-freeborn-county-standard/1882/08-10/page-16
  12. Brady, M. (ca. 1860). Halbert Eleazer Paine. Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halbert_Eleazer_Paine3.jpg
  13. Cramer, Dr. C.H. (1952). Royal Bob: The Life of Robert G. Ingersoll. Bobbs-Merrill: Indianapolis. Digitally published by Papamoa Press (2017). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=8TtODwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
  14. Hayden’s U.S. Geological Survey: Expedition to Colorado. (n.d.). Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved from http://botany.si.edu/colls/expeditions/expedition_page.cfm?ExpedName=10
  15. Ingersoll, R. (n.d.). Robert Ingersoll, born August 11, 1833. Civwaref, Elyce Feliz. Retrieved from http://civilwaref.blogspot.com/2013/08/robert-ingersoll-born-august-11-1833.html
  16. Larson, O.P. (1962). American Infidel: Robert G. Ingersoll. Citadel Press: New York. Digitally published by Pickle Partners Publishing (2016). Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=70OQCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
  17. Paine, Col. Halbert E. (1826–1905). (n.d.). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved from https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1618
  18. Quiner, Edwin Bryant. (1866). Military History of Wisconsin. Clarke & Co.: Chicago, Illinois. Published online by the Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved from http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/quiner/id/17279
  19. Quiner Scrapbooks: Correspondence of the Wisconsin Volunteers, 1861–1865, Volume 3. (1861–1865). In Wisconsin Historical Society digitized archives. Retrieved from http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/quiner/id/33964
  20. Robert G. Ingersoll. (2013). In Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-G-Ingersoll
  21. Silliman, B. (1881–1882). The mineral regions of southern New Mexico. In Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (pp. 424-444). Easton, Pennsylvania: American Institute of Mining Engineers. Via Hathi Trust Digital Library. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044102927142
  22. Spriggs Bros. & Wherry. (ca. 1910–1920). Dry placer mining at Orogrande [photograph]. Public Domain from Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/2012648318/
  23. ‘What a glorious country!’ (October 29, 1881). Santa Fe Daily New Mexican, pp. 2. Via NewspaperArchive.com. Retrieved from https://access-newspaperarchive-com.unr.idm.oclc.org/us/new-mexico/santa-fe/santa-fe-daily-new-mexican/1881/10-29/page-2
  24. William Henry Holmes with other members of the Hayden Survey. (1930). In Smithsonian Archives. Retrieved from https://learninglab.si.edu/resources/view/1156#more-info
Back to Top

Site Navigation

  • Home
  • Collection
  • About the Exhibit

Story Themes

  • Art of the Bond
  • Backing the Republic of Texas
  • Bankrolling the Revolutionary and Civil Wars
  • Forging the Wild West
  • Nevada’s Promises and Perils
  • Railroads and Trade Routes
  • Scandals and Swindlers
  • Tycoons and Benefactors

Resources

  • Resources for Researchers
  • Resources for Teachers
Keck Schulich Exhibit Logo

© 2025 Keck Schulich Exhibit